Chapter 1: Sustainable Development and Financing for Development
Action 4 - We will close the Sustainable Development Goal financing gap in developing countries.
Sub-Action Initiative
Indicator and Target
Baseline Data
Sub-Action (b) Continue to advance with urgency towards a SDG stimulus through the Secretary-General’s proposal at the United Nations and in other relevant forums;
(b1) Advance with urgency towards a SDG stimulus
Increase in MDB lending
Decrease in # of countries in debt distress
MDB lending rose from U.S. $30 billion in 2000 to U.S. $96 billion in 2022, while the concessional share of total MDB lending fell from 35% in 2004 to 13% in 2022.
As of March 2025, 9 countries are in debt distress, according to the IMF.
Sub-Action (c) Scale up and fulfill our respective Official Development Assistance commitments, including the commitment by most developed countries to reach the goal of 0.7% of gross national income for Official Development Assistance and 0.15 to 0.20 percent of gross national income for Official Development Assistance to least developed countries;
(c1) Scale up and fulfill our respective Official Development Assistance commitments
Increase in ODA commitments
SDG 17.2.1 [Increase] Net ODA as a proportion of OECD Development Assistance Committee donors’ Gross National Income
In 2023, total ODA rose by 1.8% in real terms compared to 2022, having reached a record high of U.S. $223.7 billion (having more than doubled ODA in real terms as compared with 2000).
In 2023, Development Assistance Committee donors’ ODA amounted to approximately 0.37% of their combined Gross National Income, just over half of the longstanding 0.7% target.
Action 8 - We will achieve gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls as a crucial contribution to progress across all the SDGs and targets.
Sub-Action Initiative
Indicator and Target
Baseline Data
Sub-Action (a) Take bold, ambitious, accelerated, just and transformative actions to ensure the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms by all women and girls;
(a1) Ensure the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms by all women and girls
SDG 5.1.1 Whether or not legal frameworks are in place to promote, enforce and monitor equality and nondiscrimination on the basis of sex
Decrease in gender inequality according to the Gender Inequality Index
Since 2019, 90% of States reported introducing, implementing, strengthening or enforcing violence against women and girls’ laws, while 79% have set up, updated, or expanded national action plans to end violence.
The Gender Inequality Index shows equality worldwide improving, with the global value decreasing from 0.579 in 1990 to 0.455 in 2023.
Sub-Action (e) Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance, natural resources and appropriate new technology, in accordance with national laws;
(e1) Give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, in accordance with national laws
SDG 5.a.1 [Increase] Proportion of total agricultural population with ownership or secure rights over agricultural land, by sex; and share of women among owners or rightsbearers of agricultural land, by type of tenure
SDG 5.a.2 [Increase] Proportion of countries where the legal framework guarantees women’s equal rights to land ownership and/or control
Between 2009 and 2023, men owned land at least twice as often as women in almost half of the assessed 49 countries, and male landowners constituted over 70% of total landowners in one-third of the countries.
As of 2022, among 68 reporting countries, 47% offered limited legal protection, 22% provided moderate protection, and only 31% had strong or very strong legal frameworks ensuring women’s land rights.
Action 9 - We will strengthen our actions to address climate change.
Sub-Action Initiative
Indicator and Target
Baseline Data
Sub-Action (a) Reaffirm the Paris Agreement temperature goal of holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change, and underscore that the impacts of climate change will be much lower at the temperature increase of 1.5 degrees Celsius compared with 2 degrees Celsius and resolve to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius;
(a1) Reaffirm the Paris Agreement temperature goal of holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2° Celsius above preindustrial levels
Decrease in global surface temperature
SDG 13.2.1 [Increase] # of countries with nationally determined contributions, long-term strategies, national adaptation plans and adaptation communications
Earth was 1.5° Celsius warmer in 2024 than in the late 19thcentury (1850-1900) pre-industrial average.
As of February 2025, only 17 of 195 Paris Agreement signatories communicated their 2025 NDC climate plans to the UNFCCC Secretariat.
Sub-Action (c) Further recognize the need for deep, rapid and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in line with 1.5 degrees Celsius pathways and call on parties to contribute to the following global efforts, in a nationally determined manner, taking into account the Paris Agreement and their different national circumstances, pathways and approaches: tripling renewable energy capacity globally and doubling the global average annual rate of energy efficiency improvements by 2030; accelerating efforts towards the phase-down of unabated coal power; accelerating efforts globally towards net zero emission energy systems, utilizing zero- and low-carbon fuels well before or by around mid-century; transitioning away from fossil fuels in energy systems, in a just, orderly and equitable manner, accelerating action in this critical decade, so as to achieve net zero by 2050 in keeping with the science; accelerating zero- and low-emission technologies, including, inter alia, renewables, nuclear, abatement and removal technologies such as carbon capture and utilization and storage, particularly in hard- to-abate sectors, and low-carbon hydrogen production; accelerating and substantially reducing non-carbon dioxide emissions globally, including in particular methane emissions by 2030; accelerating the reduction of emissions from road transport on a range of pathways, including through development of infrastructure and rapid deployment of zero-and low-emission vehicles; and phasing out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies that do not address energy poverty or just transitions, as soon as possible;
(c9) Accelerating the reduction of emissions from road transport on a range of pathways, including through development of infrastructure and rapid deployment of zeroand low-emission vehicles; and phasing out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies that do not address energy poverty or just transitions, as soon as possible
Decrease in greenhouse gas concentrations attributed to road transportation
Development of infrastructure for zero-and low-emission vehicles
In 2023, road transportation accounted for approximately 12.2% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
While data on infrastructure development for zero- and low-emission vehicles is country-specific, UNEP’s Global Electric Mobility Programme, as of 2023, supports over 60 Global South countries with U.S. $130 million in grants to help transition away from fossil fuels in the transport sector. The global stock of electric cars displaced over 1 million barrels per day of oil consumption in 2024. The stock of electric vehicles is uneven across the world; in China, around one-in-ten cars on the road is now electric, whereas in Europe the ratio is closer to one-in-twenty.